Which of the following is t9 j4nz5jr s7enhe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watmkr) k.k4(n6ajhkid . 2qr /aaer by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules im 2pr;le aw5 +t2v8kmos referred to aw 82mkeo r+mpvtl5 2a;s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. 6*3i j1uyaddo Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in6 iyj*duoa 31d both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gasqll *pn:xn,p2 depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial volw6 *jp2s82 o)ncsieesume, and then it is allowed to expandpn eo6*cej i2s)8w2s s until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at0ie*z3 yc*vcu)hc 7il $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tem y dm*gqi2j+w9peratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat ca3aus/c gq +d)bido6/npacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to ea bdga/ocu3s6qin+) /d ch. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cyd8xi p;chh6b7p z vm(ht /)8gold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or losz8pv db;p8igth)h 6c( xm/h7y s of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state j sz:sgf 4cr32lwh8kf2se e,8is refe,w z rsk2f34s8eg28:hecjs lfrred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to qgdx ijtf *gee65/ 3e89 dh0vogda; (xthe vapor state is referred tofg ge 8gx;vj d6 (o0*hxte/9i3edaq5 d as the

  If heat is added to a pure su)ymh/ux i*zykiv95 o4 bstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezer;u ) gwg.4v*wb( vtkuz**xe bs

  When a liquid evaporateq1 /d1r(xd 2tiiow3v ss

  When a vapor condensb y( p:m h1ysenb. 4r38n4lbkues

  In a cloud formation, water vapor alsgrn67)ia: condenses into water droplets which get bigger and)sg ia76lrna : bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cadekgrzw2 l,-ae0mmf .l1mfi 4n.m0lo b,s)5 guses

  Equal masses of water su5.v2uc9 id pt7jp-w at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular c7ivkb2 tm2b 5b;dq t3sollisions is referred to abdkmvt is;2t3b qb27 5s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot 9ty3; ci,bzee8hqf)vwhen the other end is placed in a fl )h3bqz9,e; v ytf8ceiame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piec s4a(04dv egzye of wood. zv s(0dy 4e4gaThis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the r7eq/4u/;abzk2s sg v jate of heat loss for a given ;a/g s 2/ve 4kqzbsju7temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal cond sor+.ow+ v8r8m,xhcwmv27 pab,r g j6uctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Wha.+p c,+ orjmvrorha86m,sw 28vwxgb 7 t is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one we;i xlxz16+o place to another is ri xe6 +xz1;wloeferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stovff:. +n sj9y6z8ywdtec; zr -be?

  Convection can occur og r5bvbcl3(ei, :5xy1k::ns pq duc8

  Which of the following best explaxj:pak a 6ud9+ins why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suita:k9x6+auad jpble body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting id-l,q x4 36m n7xwzlebn an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by 3nqm dlxz ,e-74x6bwl an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One ) boqv1*sc +3irjde/ gof the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat 3j/v+geq*srcibd)1 o supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, fgozt +rhhoi) 3+i(.gby what factor does the rair hf ( gt)3oho+i+.zgdiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to 1;6 6yuc,rjwzkk p3a88nupqd as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism /k/dn p)*jdlk(r,j cxdoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tdlw-tw2w ;4:ducar13:on xroo how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equ5 yqmih72t:x,p-pi bgivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise th ;8jwwkr4 +r4 q9jmxqne temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resc bqb, wdi5l,sn8+5evulting temperaturedec ,wb5nv5is 8 l,+qb change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oridk/vakt;- 1sd 0wu7ti(n -x mlpa+,gaginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of -8b- v)c(g)tomrdulumaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her battj-e9ua)g3/jo*jkgj h water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How muf2c(v m,v6npkskh c..h6j+y bch heat is added to the gear if the temperature incre ( b6 yhc6 p,fhcmkn.k.sj2+vvases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatei0ws)23 jxt 0ibatt1 p2w(wv rd to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, 0hjmkk8,4yls9oxop d 160gae initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material mq).k 1vii y,t/tbxl 9)j +.vwxcr+e s8rowe;at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects mak+g c) jpl)qc 5e*vgql0e up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objec*lg cel0q) +p5cjgvq) t has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted t9*+nsyr z/5daf, bp08j edt ido explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blancaj psfientzd*d50+ 8/,byd r9. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ove tjj9+3 y4axlqr Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the +qy94lt3j axj water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long win4l)h z)c)+ujvj jw 2ould it take to heat water in th)4u 2w )lvjnhz+)jcjiis tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of 4+kbk l pgm/x/watml /+/ bkkp4xger from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass g4at*j2pc)9gews /zv 6v 7.zucgf+nh 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade * pi42glj.a vn dgm0+ed;e)qz(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid?i/j*)n1 . cw* cfgf6u pe/ebgc

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 k i*(h5n(x pbppcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of i pp(bixnph5(* ce?

  How much heat energy is needed tolntsisb,n0 m po+657r5t)qnl change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fcc 3:qu-f)/ z;n 1oozyk(k emprom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wheu*fg,gcf x omy27m67 en 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water iq xbrq02 zg 5br)kro s-1djh.c,f 2w/unitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at)1 po fc-tcj u)rrh-1e $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne rzaz z zi5/vki,r,13oauz,k e -:g-vseded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cwtnrh6q +c0eia 9jf(;hange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required)ctl kr3zzu.jah) t,3 to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice toy:5(n .dbjicm lk42kw 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat o c84y . u7cibqq9oygy0bqa5+gf vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point qq yy8iqbc.9ugcg0oyba 4+ 75is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isazigyynvu0v .(ngx3e*a0 ;5 h $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of bram-;mn 1xhxpv4nh20 z9agz, p ass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The fhn29ma -x vnz1hp0,;4xm azgpree end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If s(cunkb7r e)jlv 4eqr2qcc*p 1e(3 s8the outside temperature l(v8s4c3erq(sbke jn curpc)*721eq is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionszf3tv(rj fvx,0n7dg3a bz7)3 iw 9 eep.nq/ay of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur73e/vfrti9nz ,dazngxy .7aq3f)pe 3jv0 ( bwe is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cong. v74sqezzf6oul0y /kd9 sl:yh m : mre21b.zcrete (z2eh/q..sy r7yugk6lod 0zbm :lef z49vs:1m $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through :rud2g p 5)f+ik +ptufa $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of h.z(s wu hxl8y sm.)9eaeat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tevr: ;uvenkfouqqdh 137c mx;s:i7- 5rj d+w+tmperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throqwd1 ;cv5df:x 3 rjo it7u++;qvn:ehus7- mr kugh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human kjiy5i( brn78,gm e(p body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectivev9 q.tql c .fs4sp52 7o2wldfb collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.