Which of the followinej r*71h,:hd y6nqs zng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tbslp.m5: m4h.sc 2:y g8a ycatemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average k7g+5:ehf e5jihx pv9x r ;m+ehinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to9ee ixhvr ;h5:+5jh+7px e gmf as

  A cup of water is scooped up f: b.e ydyui:rs,yzw*zg x06 5qrom a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the interna gzw.q*xy0e6ui,y5:bdys z:r l energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of cvhx5 n(0sne2/e;1;opmb(fpgy b 7zvan ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until itr * wr uvq.w.cve5xp3,s volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expp.rrwqw5*uvv ecx3. ,and until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte)3i 0eba6:v bcyce ;sdrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dr tmrn),mby6lzleq fd(. :;,ctastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a high1ni 0wwlh8a8b er specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 caa8iwl10bhn 8 wlories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of ay q:jl9; c+0l,mxornn hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes t l+cny oxl9;,j0 qmr:no reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the .pwsy2gm - )tdsolid to the liquid state is referw.)pgyt s d-2mred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is r /w( tb,o7vzlqet 7o(q /lwbz,vferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a sb*fjjifmzk85s x0y ;7 teady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2 p2ls k;jkv.dakqars 5-ph+;

  When a liquid evaporjlxxb8)b.r *lilswd6a2(, zsates

  When a vapor condenshx:j t nursah.b+:1 e j3li.esb:sr+. es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets w7oi)*.6jxq/iou drti hich get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the rix).o6i* i 7tojdqu/temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a paeun :+e/d 8acfn of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateu ;)):ww0uk;r0gv ;hgwj kjuwr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meai8 gna p5r(5-- gt dcq*cys1d wi,ajm3ns of molecular collisions is referred to as 5(mwp5as-tg 1y 3i-,jnq8dc rc *iadg

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end ofis a,5hhm48b i an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in ahm,4i 5shi a8b flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the sozcfs gda3 *hqh.lzo+57*e2 touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the dif*5esoh+df2 a7 3s h.*oqz lgzcference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rao;zid8j )*c jtkj8dx) te of heat)x djk )jd8o; c*jti8z loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on b-b35 kocaxd:/r eo;a a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effectiv: 5-kc;xbarb3oo e/a de thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby fo ta yo5aw:v49v6e5u heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rvt5a: 4wvoy9 ae5f6uo eferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pfrmke 6b h15x s.-m(6ftfv7 xoot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur- kxj z8i 79rzab9i hl-.x,tnol7y)bj

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is blaa0da)e 9f 5 d5 k0az0fzp-w 3nw.ojimportant to humans in maintainiwe-)n 0zfw5.90ljdp bdakoaa 3 az f50ng suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wh qs+yj7x,jmiwl pb05.ere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one 7mw.j,pjxis bq05yl + side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from oyi)axqv.zr8te; y. o0a* jt 2the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the ratet.ri)0o*zv.jyxoe ;a a28yq t that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature+favn1x srg( zf9k0w pehn8so.* 7:lu of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatinglp+hex1rkw7 0gna(.ovz9s8 :f u* fsn power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is 9oc2xh,1hi x/tvl;sxreferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism do-bq* yr oz8,k; tdkx8qg.xa j)(vtzp3es the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat? bjmn1*j/r3ldxv g-w ;

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wz;9uize6yie )ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g ol55f ,lyl. f6+szzijlf lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2cx,) p f qr3q6oc;f1:)ltric k.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturercpq flcx t:cqrk) f6 o1;3i), change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a6- 8ggxydv9v pgy;e, pt $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of ma1i)59ts*cfe bwk 4jnd terial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat upo u4(:lw+jtl( emv(6q de ;gxb her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of od:q+liwf1rpm s2s 8 /(*cnzc iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperi mwn/lcqs spco*r +(f2 zd1:8ature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mene ,5swpo8+m xtal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at (nl,yuu t o 92d(w*iqmsp k.x.$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material awkapv 3zxtgau:m:j 29.(pa-m6 t:vkbt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is ther1r*ku8yjy*ol;aeeg w+d( .h qc,oz c6mally isolated from its surr6ky e d qe . yjrh(1,+lo8uwcg*;oz*acoundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore vn e8ws ;2;b:rcxt -xwthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature riw wr; -v:t82x bnce;xsse would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming li u u0 z5/s yp.xnt/+kuo/i;zthat all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what/ y5ulk+pzx .iu 0zson /t/;iu temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heatem)ay;f i 0 7)h(lsifcwr uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat w))iy7 (;0fim lwsafchater in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to he:us4ms. l idv0at 20 kg of water 0li.vs:m dsu4from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000;.tp9.0gv 2d)qehskjgicu q** ezi e8 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specrfnucvs +; 87hy(xna b// hcu9ific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must bebuqy( l+4nwwh+s 7lsjc /kv9a6v4 l:v removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much ht2m1vcw6 ypqr f4 rz0 ro/+y xv0x2jg-eat is required to melt 20xmroy0yv0w rftpr- 1 c6x 42 vgzjq2/+0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chah0 i ld bfwc*x,jby3l--f3 7u(bze:sgmkvv1 5nge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1*,4k bdc i 8igr7d kth2a jq;b9i53spo00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion ov o-hh39dxt3;c 7d 1q sl 6b2olt6iovqf ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initmk2 7 v b; ia3kda7c9 wd tch9/y-o+kwwapbl8(ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at b 4ugru l::(ril;pph *dk7e;w$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of 2 p1 n/k0)6h n v/ ns:padeuuo0p,lwmqwater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram5xczq w n8/ qk3t1w-bh of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ybi. wv.g w1l;of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initvdh 3ryz k4d31ially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kca,vr7vysf+jb 7/s0 gfh l/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, anj 0 s+sr7hvvb/fgf y7,d its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitt g i5q sr*8;rqrowox y8p ,lqvr5*a./y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivypsm946 5t tro1qia6pimqm u m/s:q3 lr6g/n*ity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joinemtmy 66o9mql s/n1a4 p/* rm6i3qrqu p: is5gtd together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dime,4xpo/s yagm4nsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside to sxp/gy4am ,4emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidegcitsc 0s65. l ljcm.9 tes0 mi cjgtc5lc96l.s.mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 ia6n(csvk+g ) m x 2.0 m section of concrete + (gk)a6incvs($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take2,xnm d u c0huim84bj4 to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcalqm gjq8qke05(b4*l q l of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mf 9z (vhgh0cv5t;ivj94(flxk qr-2 feonitored by measuring the hvjxf 2v 0 ;9 (9lehvgcitk4q-f(rf5zradiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radi;dzqc1y6p.r rrp kl 67ating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (ena*az3p8yx*-my3:w 0hl9e m w1kk mpuffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.