Which of the following is the smallest unit of heap9r/0luzta llzp,l,1 e(c d4mt energy?

  The amount of heat necesxaxagr k+hi. s ld/7:*sary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avq mw,fu6(atk: erage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tou kftm(:a6qw, as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempera-r1gltqh -goj-8y nb ;z 0htz .ksg5x7ture T and t7nz bgl1r8sghx.-q5 t hg -j o;0t-yzkhe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depend ,f7 fyh(/i() ewtvbyrs on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the i-abw6vrfldk.jv* :ja.s):ef nitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperaturealw):a6b :ffjd- .jr* vsvk .e constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internaa2+kyuoba) 5f +9d+d9vur dg8ur+sjdl energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures 4bd (xc2i k;asdo not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specijtve:a,c+i 2 ywvj1rft 7(wtjm/db,, fic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal mass7:vjta1djy tjv ,+b ,ir/ ctewf,(2wmes of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made upx-zp z.c .* 3zq5n,ie8 vrpstk of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heatpztx.pe5 8s cirv -nq*.z,kz3 during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fr1 ).gcoairw:j-hj+ 0.cpvfpnom the solid to the liquid state is referred):vw-nj h 0ap . .ccpfg+j1roi to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fromhvc0l ilm q4;ip+p- x. the liquid to the vapor state is referred ph .ixcv 4+i0qlml- ;pto as the

  If heat is added to a ptst1id6mpnqu y5;g6 *e3u o asiz* c82ure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze.8z om:n,ifu6 ffhp p/s

  When a liquid evapor;q reih v;he4jf /1lc9ates

  When a vapor condenses6hqa y5k8 cimxq*6s9r

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bga2.r1cywd8 7 ta022 vum6 eii0pck eoigger and bigger until it rains. This will causrm2i ewpu1a c7 tv2iakyc0god6 80.e2e the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cah;g9l1 pdti c1uses

  Equal masses of water atep: i mpd/:n0e2hz0db rekr(( $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is st4ee y)2;m q/q v2x/tk2ayfgreferred to askyq mt2;/4 stafyx) 2eqgv2/e

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of* 3wgfnxd3dy 0 an iron bar become hot when the other en fxd3yd w3n*0gd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touqf;f p-8s dd.m3 azpbqj d)r16ch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in wf qmf sddpj-rq b8p.d6a) 13;zhich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materib4w f )ycpb2, izqo)t6al, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the qz42iowf t b, b)y6pc)thickness will

  A layer of insulating ma( b*dabsub v0:a 5 x:ngviw:p 0/ivg4eterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the e: :vwib/gpv0(i4vbu:a 5 a bs*dng0xcomposite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one b4jr t x+zm3o;place to another i;j43zbrtm +xo s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot :1c 9 ss2o*p4rl-qsdjm zmlv.of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurh i1gb4kq - -*frsuz(py 0kk,g

  Which of the following best explai+y-9kcl j1k 5gm-x yopns why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperaturg+-pol1k yx ckj5-m y9e?

  A spaceship is drifti0 hbu6l(c qwm8ng in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zermqc ulw 0bh86(o. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectan--4 fv;ljsmiww)p 9gugular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, wh 4psugww-9v m)i-j;lfat would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radia z -gh50(,bguuibyq2qtor is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change?0hgbu(uz5y b q-2ig, q

  The process whereby heat flows inqsl;h xrjzz- i 2ra b2/*jmxih.eq8bp-f v.* 2 the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism iu6z ja ,jjjs5b.,pwu:).glx does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equ4.lecje+ -zsx msmk9 y(e-g8livalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?o4inlrfzka,axf8tcc m* j07 5t1 )/qr

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatp/mn)xi pk).si yi .d7ure of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resunqli(n..cr(o lting temperature changeqrn .cnlo(i .(?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall 5vl ou562jqr, g9rl p09(nqlzrd4 yzyy at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of (45;je+k ag. yiavvmtmaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up hebx ro r8t3st8,r bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16s.8zmylh glx.;vb xm b)ws2ij+(d ,w1 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if tl,.lxxji8vs;w h)z1 .+mmbw(b gdy s2he temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of m9e 60vcljcw*rliai (dy3 j 0t0etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initialxtp.l*a:qj mr 0h4 x2sly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a56nw z eb- z5iiwdr+*ot $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that )94xpud6n rcpis thermally isolated from its surroundings. Onexrcp4)d 69n pu object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Ja dys5dikpep25o23se +mes Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fsok2es2ip y 5p53+d deallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropsx 9)du0uc.qdx a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wat9cuqdd.u x0x) er rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming nb0buo9 +o4yeovdf*6)s(un bpo heat loss, how long would it take to heat watebby (df9ueo0vu+ o*b 64sop)nr in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is urru p;a2l5n ,n(nskk8 sed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from s r2p(5rla k8u,kn;nn $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass ha :7bhst/*box h- mekiv0 ;6g1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knikj, zxdv+ib-e5 r::u ufe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqu59.k (poa.gnb cc. bmiid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requ9vus f2kaj zk .-wpe+f8.*yp jired to melsez.2pu *. f kypv+ jj9f-a8wkt 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to h.;ojepz ,q vu47o+b+c8 pctg change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of oylrj1t(7rl x 3-w6 raiw0wju1x0 3vr$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kc 7daexyb*)u3 ral/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initinxk m(ok8)gb3h 8/ w;iqjrzc de+rax;i3m) -wally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ,8i1l9 /rjiedxv mh;u $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg xzn1c v +qbe8 w(a-8rpof water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one graohj;j k+(usj :m of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ- (qx0h8lowcj ired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addingm stk2wj:*nj6y44 jwooya 6: zux:dk; ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead isyg. b;*fb9u yq 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and by fg9yb*. ;quits melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete o9:d boch7i-o+he3 o36x aqmyux bh05is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of+d4zzlf7de: t aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other bra ft dzd+z74l:ess) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thm 5cu djjh3,ny2 /8gaje outside temper jd 8g2mnhju 3a/,yj5cature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m bqgjoaw ,ncxway,8( j2*v qq+.j5 i e*cy 1.5 m. If the outside temp,8.jq(gajqyw o**cejvaiw5 c2nx+q, erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 he mg(mu/b8u .cga y2i83tb w*m section of concrete c/aig*umm (eb28b w.h gu3y8t($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of h3uf tg(c af5n3hoq a5,eat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempera lcvetk1 5,g4d1j/gwa ture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored bm q(v0wzsn/u 7vyw 7c+y measuring the radiant power emitted through a sma y7wzvns(vuq+wm 7 0c/ll hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it isvdd s id dn,4:uuf5wboi3be*)4xn:/z at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectiv7za/dk vizy-*jw l2rzxz7e; w jy4g 09e collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.